![]() ![]() The valuable metals are recovered and sent to refining so that the product is suitable for any use. Smelting takes place at high temperatures where organic materials, including the electrolyte and carbon anodes, are burned as fuel or reductant. These processes are operational now on a large scale and can accept multiple kinds of batteries, including lithium-ion and nickel-metal hydride. Smelting: Smelting processes recover basic elements or salts. ![]() But not all recycling processes are the same and require different methods of separation for material recovery: Work is now underway to develop battery-recycling processes that minimize the life-cycle impacts of using lithium-ion and other kinds of batteries in vehicles. The material recovery from recycling would also reintroduce critical materials back into the supply chain and would increase the domestic sources for such materials. ![]() Widespread battery recycling would keep hazardous materials from entering the waste stream, both at the end of a battery's useful life and during its production. As electric-drive vehicles become increasingly common, the battery-recycling market may expand. auto market, so only a small number of them have approached the end of their useful lives. Recycling BatteriesĮlectric-drive vehicles are relatively new to the U.S. They may also be useful as secondary energy-storage devices in electric-drive vehicles because they help electrochemical batteries level load power. Ultracapacitors can provide vehicles additional power during acceleration and hill climbing and help recover braking energy. Energy storage capacity increases as the liquid's surface area increases. Ultracapacitors store energy in a polarized liquid between an electrode and an electrolyte. Advanced high-power lead-acid batteries are being developed, but these batteries are only used in commercially available electric-drive vehicles for ancillary loads. However, low specific energy, poor cold-temperature performance, and short calendar and lifecycle impede their use. Lead-acid batteries can be designed to be high power and are inexpensive, safe, and reliable. The main challenges with nickel-metal hydride batteries are their high cost, high self-discharge and heat generation at high temperatures, and the need to control hydrogen loss. These batteries have been widely used in HEVs. Nickel-metal hydride batteries have a much longer life cycle than lead-acid batteries and are safe and abuse tolerant. Nickel-metal hydride batteries, used routinely in computer and medical equipment, offer reasonable specific energy and specific power capabilities. ![]() Research and development are ongoing to reduce their relatively high cost, extend their useful life, and address safety concerns in regard to overheating. Most of today's all-electric vehicles and PHEVs use lithium-ion batteries, though the exact chemistry often varies from that of consumer electronics batteries. Department of Energy is also supporting the Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Prize to develop and demonstrate profitable solutions for collecting, sorting, storing, and transporting spent and discarded lithium-ion batteries for eventual recycling and materials recovery. Most components of lithium-ion batteries can be recycled, but the cost of material recovery remains a challenge for the industry. They also have a high power-to-weight ratio, high energy efficiency, good high-temperature performance, and low self-discharge. Lithium-ion batteries are currently used in most portable consumer electronics such as cell phones and laptops because of their high energy per unit mass relative to other electrical energy storage systems. The following energy storage systems are used in all-electric vehicles, PHEVs, and HEVs. Most plug-in hybrids and all-electric vehicles use lithium-ion batteries like these.Įnergy storage systems, usually batteries, are essential for all-electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). ![]()
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